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A learner must measure 42 mL of water, a toy car's travel time and the weight of a bag. Which plan would produce dependable records?
Wrap a measuring tape around the cylinder to infer water volume, count aloud from an uncertain release to time the car, and use a balance but label its mass reading N as the bag's weight. Use an upright measuring cylinder at eye level, a stopwatch with fixed start and stop points and repeated trials, and a zeroed spring balance; record mL, s and N. Use the cylinder, stopwatch and spring balance, but look down at each scale, keep only one timing even if it varies, and report every result as a bare number without a unit. Use suitable instruments, but change the timing point and instrument range between repeats, then retain whichever reading looks closest to the expected result without recording the other trials. A toy car travels 2.40 m in repeated times of 4.8 s, 5.0 s and 5.2 s. Which calculation gives a defensible average speed from these trials?
2.08 m/s, found by dividing the mean time of 5.0 s by the measured distance of 2.40 m. 0.50 m/s, found from 2.40 m ÷ 4.8 s after discarding both slower trials simply because the first trial was fastest. 0.48 m/s, found by calculating the mean time as (4.8 + 5.0 + 5.2) ÷ 3 = 5.0 s and then using 2.40 m ÷ 5.0 s. 1.44 m/s, found by adding the three 2.40 m distances but dividing that total distance by only one 5.0 s timing. A low-voltage circuit contains a lamp and a resistor. Which plan correctly measures current through the lamp, voltage across the lamp and resistance of the resistor?
Place current mode directly across the powered lamp, put voltage mode in series, and leave the external supply connected while using resistance mode across the resistor. Measure current in series and voltage in parallel, but leave the resistor connected to the switched-on supply while the meter uses its resistance setting. Select A, V and Ω in turn but leave the probes in one parallel connection across the lamp for all three measurements because changing the selector changes the circuit connection automatically. Switch off before rebuilding. Put current mode in series with the lamp, voltage mode across it, and resistance mode across the isolated resistor after removing external power.
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A learner needs the mass of a metal block. Which instrument should be used?
An electronic balance. A spring balance, because mass and weight are identical quantities. A digital stopwatch. A measuring tape. Which instrument should be used to measure 45 mL of water?
A measuring cylinder. A beaker with no scale, because any container measures volume. A spring balance. A measuring tape. Which calculation gives average speed?
Total distance travelled ÷ total time taken. Total time taken ÷ total distance travelled. Total distance travelled × total time taken. Total distance travelled + total time taken. Which multimeter setting is used to measure electric current?
The current setting, labelled A or mA as appropriate. The voltage setting labelled V. The resistance setting labelled Ω. Any setting, because a multimeter ignores its selector. A learner must measure a 1.8 mm card thickness, 68 mL of water and a 12.4 s motion interval. Which instrument plan has suitable quantities and resolution?
Use a millimetre ruler or suitable calliper for thickness, a graduated measuring cylinder for volume, and a stopwatch for elapsed time; record each value with its unit. Use a spring balance for thickness, a stopwatch for volume and a measuring cylinder for time. Use only a metre rule for all three quantities because one calibrated instrument can measure any quantity. Estimate all three by sight and add units only after comparing with an expected answer. A trolley covers 3.0 m in 5.9 s, 6.0 s and 11.8 s. The last trial included an observed collision with a barrier. Which average-speed calculation is best justified?
Treat 11.8 s as an explained anomalous trial, use mean time (5.9 + 6.0) ÷ 2 = 5.95 s, then calculate 3.0 ÷ 5.95 ≈ 0.50 m/s. Keep only 5.9 s because the fastest trial must always be the most accurate, giving 0.51 m/s. Average the three calculated speeds without recording the collision because observations are irrelevant to anomalies. Use 5.95 ÷ 3.0 = 1.98 m/s because average speed is mean time divided by distance. A runner covers 450 cm in 3.0 s. What is the average speed in metres per second?
1.5 m/s, because 450 cm = 4.50 m and 4.50 ÷ 3.0 = 1.5. 150 m/s, because 450 is divided by 3 without converting centimetres. 0.0067 m/s, because 3.0 is divided by 450 and then labelled in metres per second. 13.5 m/s, because distance and time must be multiplied. A multimeter set to a 200 mA direct-current range is correctly in series, but its display shows an over-range indication. What should the learner do next?
Switch off the circuit, select a higher suitable DC-current range, check the lead socket and series connection, then switch on and read again. Move the powered meter across the supply while leaving it on current mode. Change to resistance mode without switching off because resistance and current are measured through the same powered circuit. Keep the same range and report 200 A because over-range means the prefix changes automatically. A digital multimeter on a suitable DC-voltage range is connected across a cell and displays −1.48 V. Which interpretation and correction are sound?
The magnitude is 1.48 V and the probes are reversed relative to the selected polarity; swap the probes to obtain a positive reading. The cell has negative energy and must be replaced before any voltage can exist. Move the meter into series because every negative reading means voltage was measured with the wrong connection type. Multiply the display by −1000 and report 1480 V because the minus sign denotes a metric prefix.
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Water in a measuring cylinder rises from 30 cm³ to 38 cm³ when a stone is fully submerged. What is the stone's volume?
8 cm³. 68 cm³. 38 cm³. 3.75 cm³. Why should a learner's eye be level with a scale marking when taking a reading?
To reduce a viewing-angle, or parallax, error. To make the measured object gain mass. To change the instrument's unit automatically. To guarantee that every repeated measurement is identical. A walker covers 30 m in 20 s, then 20 m in 10 s. What is the average speed for the whole journey?
50 m ÷ 30 s = 1.67 m/s. (1.5 + 2.0) m/s = 3.5 m/s. 50 m ÷ 10 s = 5.0 m/s. 10 m ÷ 30 s = 0.33 m/s. A learner repeats the same travel-time measurement several times. What is an appropriate use of the repeat readings?
Check for an unusual result and use a representative average time. Choose only the shortest time so the object appears fastest. Add the times but never divide by the number of valid trials. Change the measured distance after every trial without recording it. A manually ranged multimeter will measure current in a low-voltage school circuit known to be within the meter’s rated current limit. The exact current is unknown. Which initial current range should be selected?
The highest suitable current range, reducing it after the size of the reading is known. The lowest current range, before checking whether the current fits that range. Use the resistance range because every range measures current safely. Short the supply directly with the meter on any range. To measure the voltage across a lamp, where should the multimeter probes be connected?
Across the two terminals of the lamp. In place of the lamp so the circuit contains only the meter. At one terminal only. Around the outside insulation without touching conductors. Water rises from 34 cm³ to 41 cm³ when a stone is fully submerged. A learner looks down at the cylinder and writes only '7'. Which corrected method and record are best?
Read the upright cylinder at eye level, use final volume − initial volume, and record the stone's volume as 7 cm³; repeat if the reading may vary. Read from above and record 41 cm³ as the stone's volume because the final cylinder reading is always the object's volume. Keep the value 7 but record it as 7 g, because any result found with a measuring cylinder is a mass measurement. Change cylinder, viewing position and starting volume for every repeat, then retain whichever final reading is nearest 41 without recording the initial readings. A robot travels 6.0 m in 4.0 s, stops for 2.0 s, then travels 4.0 m in 4.0 s. What is its average speed for the whole journey?
1.25 m/s, using 10.0 m ÷ 8.0 s after excluding the stop from the whole journey time. 1.0 m/s, using total distance 6.0 + 4.0 = 10.0 m and total time 4.0 + 2.0 + 4.0 = 10.0 s. 2.5 m/s, using the complete 10.0 m distance but dividing it by only the final 4.0 s moving interval. 0.40 m/s, using only the final 4.0 m segment divided by the complete 10.0 s journey time. A resistor is still connected in a switched-on low-voltage circuit. Which sequence prepares a valid resistance measurement?
Leave the supply on, select Ω and place the probes across the powered resistor so that both the circuit and meter supply test signals at the same time. Switch off, keep the resistor connected to the rest of the circuit, select current mode and insert the meter in series to read resistance in amperes. Switch off and disconnect the external supply, isolate the resistor from the circuit, select a suitable Ω range, then place the probes across the resistor. Disconnect both probes from the resistor, select voltage mode and read the meter display without an electrical connection because resistance is stored in the selector.