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A fixed motor repeatedly moves one end of a rope. A lightweight flag far along the rope moves only after the disturbance reaches it. Which explanation uses both observations?
Repeated vibration generates the travelling wave, and the flag's motion shows that the wave transferred energy away from the motor. Holding the rope in a fixed wave shape generates the travelling wave, while the flag's motion shows energy transfer. The motor must travel down the rope with the wave and push the flag directly. Repeated motor motion creates the wave, but all energy stays at the source even while the flag moves. A rope wave has crests 0.80 m apart, each crest is 0.12 m above equilibrium, and 6 complete waves pass a marker each second. Which row is correct?
Amplitude 0.12 m; wavelength 0.80 m; frequency 6 Hz. Amplitude 0.24 m; wavelength 0.80 m; frequency 6 Hz. Amplitude 0.12 m; wavelength 0.12 m; frequency 6 Hz. Amplitude 0.12 m; wavelength 0.80 m; frequency 6 m. A centre uses the K123 examples of television broadcasting, satellite communication, a remote-controlled device and optical-fibre telecommunication. Which row gives the category names assigned to these examples in K123?
Radio waves; microwaves; infrared; light. Radio waves; visible light; infrared; light. Radio waves; microwaves; ultraviolet; light. Radio waves; microwaves; infrared; ultraviolet. A clinic uses ultraviolet to reduce microbes on exposed equipment, X-rays to inspect an internal metal joint, and gamma rays in a targeted cancer treatment. Which evidence best explains the different choices?
UV can act at exposed surfaces, penetrating X-rays can form an internal contrast image, and a controlled gamma dose can damage tumour cells. UV forms the internal metal image, X-rays sterilise only by cooling, and gamma rays cannot transfer energy to cells. All three waves are chosen only because they are visible to the unaided eye. The same unlimited dose is safe for every job because electromagnetic waves cannot affect living tissue.
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A bar attached to one end of a spring vibrates repeatedly. Which description separates the source from the wave?
The spring must first be bent into a permanent wavy shape. Only the first vibration matters; later vibrations cannot generate waves. The bar vibrates near its starting position while successive disturbances travel along the spring. The bar itself moves from coil to coil along the spring. A wave pulse reaches a light marker at the far end of a rope and makes it move. What has the pulse transferred from the source?
Only the shape of the source, with no energy. The rope material as a form of energy. Nothing, because only light can transfer energy. Energy. What is the amplitude of a wave?
The horizontal distance between consecutive crests. The number of waves produced each second. The maximum displacement from the equilibrium position. The full distance from crest to trough. A source completes 20 vibrations in 5.0 s. What is its frequency?
What is the wavelength of a repeating wave?
The distance between consecutive points at the same stage of the wave, such as crest to next crest. The time taken for one vibration. The distance from equilibrium to a crest. The distance between any neighbouring points. Which category name does K123 assign to the microwave-oven example?
Ultraviolet. Microwaves. Radio waves. Infrared. Which category does K123 name for optical-fibre telecommunication?
X-rays. Ultraviolet. Light. Microwaves. An X-ray image shows a broken bone because bone attenuates more of the radiation than nearby soft tissue. Which feature makes X-rays suitable for this use?
They pass through soft tissue more readily than bone, so different transmitted intensities can form a contrast image. They are sound waves that echo only from bone and cannot pass through any tissue. They make every tissue emit the same visible colour, removing all contrast. They are absorbed equally by bone and soft tissue, so position alone reveals a fracture. A water-treatment unit claims that ultraviolet exposure reduces viable microbes. Which comparison tests that claim most directly?
Treat one of two matched water samples with the stated UV dose, keep other conditions equal, and compare viable microbial counts afterward. Heat the UV-treated sample as well, leave the control cold, and attribute any difference only to ultraviolet. Compare the colour of two different water sources before treatment and do not measure microbes. Expose both samples to the same UV dose and call one an untreated control. A television responds only when its remote is aimed toward the receiver window. Which signal pathway is consistent with the stated application?
The remote emits a coded infrared signal that travels to the television's detector, which converts it into an electrical command. The remote sends an X-ray through the viewer so the television can identify the command. The television emits infrared toward the remote, and the remote moves the buttons mechanically at a distance. The command is carried by water waves in the room and therefore needs no detector. A treatment plan directs a controlled gamma dose at a tumour while limiting exposure to surrounding tissue. Which statement correctly describes the intended use and constraint?
Penetrating gamma radiation can damage tumour cells, but dose and targeting must limit harm to healthy cells. Gamma radiation cools tumour cells without interacting with healthy tissue at any dose. The treatment uses gamma radiation only to form a visible photograph and transfers no energy to cells. A larger untargeted dose is always safer because penetration removes biological effects. A television studio creates a programme signal, but a distant receiver detects no radio-wave carrier even though its aerial works. Which stage should be checked first?
The broadcast transmitter and transmitting aerial that should encode and radiate the programme signal as radio waves. The receiver loudspeaker only, because it creates the radio waves sent by the studio. An infrared remote control, because every television broadcast is transmitted across the country by infrared. The optical fibre inside the receiver, because a radio carrier can exist only in glass.
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Two students hold a rope. Student A repeatedly moves one end up and down. What directly generates the resulting continuous wave train?
A single upward displacement held in place. The repeated vibration of the rope end by student A. The rope's wavy appearance after the motion starts. Student B standing at the far end. The vibrator at the end of a rope is switched off after producing several waves. What happens to the last disturbances already on the rope?
They continue travelling along the rope after the source stops, until they lose energy or reach a boundary. They vanish everywhere at the instant the source stops. The vibrator travels after them to keep them moving. They become fixed bends in the rope. A student shakes one end of a long spring and a block at the other end begins to vibrate. Which energy statement is correct?
The wave transferred energy from the student's hand through the spring to the block. All the energy remained in the student's hand. The spring itself turned into energy and entered the block. The block moved without any energy transfer. A clamp stops a rope disturbance before it reaches a hanging marker, and the marker no longer moves. Which explanation is best?
The marker needs light rather than wave energy to move. Energy remains permanently stored at the source whenever a wave is blocked. The clamp removed matter from the marker. The clamp prevented the wave from delivering energy to the marker. A wave has a crest 3.0 cm above equilibrium and a trough 3.0 cm below it. What is its amplitude?
What does a frequency of 6 Hz mean?
Each vibration travels 6 m. Six vibrations occur in any length of time. The amplitude is 6 units. Six complete vibrations occur each second. Four consecutive crests span 1.5 m from the first crest to the fourth. What is the wavelength?
A television transmitter sends a broadcast signal through the air. Which wave type matches the K123 example?
Visible light. Radio waves. Infrared. Ultraviolet. Which wave type is used for satellite communication in the K123 examples?
Radio waves. X-rays. Microwaves. Visible light. A handheld controller sends an invisible signal to switch an appliance on. Which wave type matches the syllabus use?
Gamma rays. Radio waves. Visible light. Infrared. An internet link sends pulses through a glass optical fibre. What kind of wave carries the pulses?
Microwaves. Light. Radio waves. Gamma rays. Which wave type is associated with both sterilisation and sunbeds in the syllabus?
Infrared. Gamma rays. Ultraviolet. X-rays. An engineering inspection needs a wave type listed for engineering applications. Which should be selected?
Gamma rays. Radio waves. Ultraviolet. X-rays. A hospital treatment uses the wave type paired with medical treatment in K123. Which wave is it?
Gamma rays. Ultraviolet. X-rays. Microwaves.
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