Stationary Waves

Key idea: Explain how standing waves form, define nodes and antinodes, and use key properties like no net energy transfer (A Level Physics).

  • GCE A-Level H2 Physics 2027
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Learning objectives

  • Explain standing-wave formation, nodes, antinodes and energy transfer.
  • Apply boundary conditions to standing waves on stretched strings.
  • Analyse displacement and pressure patterns in resonant air columns and determine sound wavelength.

1. Definitions (Must Know)

A. Standing (stationary) wave

A standing (stationary) wave is a wave pattern formed by superposition of two progressive waves of the same frequency and amplitude travelling in opposite directions.

B. Node

A node is a point where the displacement is always zero.

C. Antinode

An antinode is a point where the displacement amplitude is maximum.

2. Key Ideas (What Earns Marks)

  • Standing waves form when two waves:
    • are the same type,
    • have the same frequency,
    • travel in opposite directions,
    • and have equal amplitudes for a perfect standing wave with true nodes.
  • Nodes and antinodes are fixed in position.
  • Between two adjacent nodes, points oscillate in phase.
  • Neighbouring segments (between neighbouring node pairs) are in antiphase (phase difference π).
  • There is no net energy transfer along the medium (unlike a progressive wave).

3. Detailed Explanations

A. How a standing wave forms (reflection idea)

A common way to form standing waves is reflection:

  • an incident wave travels towards a boundary,
  • it reflects and travels back,
  • the incident and reflected waves overlap and superpose.

If the frequency is right, the pattern has stable nodes and antinodes.

B. Why there is no net energy transfer

In a standing wave, energy sloshes back and forth locally between neighbouring sections, but there is no overall flow of energy from one end to the other.

C. Visualising a standing wave (shape only)

This plot shows the same standing wave at two different instants. The nodes stay at the same positions.

Standing wave at two instants (shape only)

The same standing wave shown at two instants; node positions remain fixed.

Scroll across the graph to read all labels.

The same standing wave shown at two instants; node positions remain fixed.The same standing wave shown at two instants; node positions remain fixed.
Standing wave shape at two instants: nodes remain fixed.
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View figure data
Values for Standing wave at two instants (shape only)
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4. Common Mistakes

  • Saying “standing waves travel” (they do not propagate; the pattern is fixed).
  • Thinking “nodes move along the string/tube” (node positions are fixed).
  • Saying “no energy anywhere” (energy exists, but there is no net transfer along the medium).
  • Mixing up nodes and antinodes (node = always zero displacement).

5. Exam Tips

  • Use the words “superposition of two opposite-travelling waves of the same frequency”.
  • For phase language:
    • in phase between adjacent nodes,
    • antiphase between neighbouring segments.
  • If the question involves resonance (“loudest” or “maximum amplitude”), it is usually a standing-wave condition.

6. Worked Examples

Modelled example 1

Maximum resultant displacement at an antinode

Core

Problem

Two opposite-travelling waves of equal amplitude A form a standing wave. Find the maximum displacement amplitude at an antinode.
Study the worked solution
  1. Identify the antinode condition

    Method

    At an antinode, the two component waves reach corresponding maxima in phase.

    Reason

    The fixed phase relation there makes their instantaneous displacements reinforce.

    Working

    y₁ = +A, y₂ = +A at a maximum
  2. Apply superposition

    Method

    The maximum displacement amplitude is 2A.

    Reason

    Equal in-phase displacements add algebraically.

    Working

    Aₘₐₓ = A + A = 2A

Guided practice 2

Resultant displacement at a node

About 4 min

Problem

Explain why the displacement at a node of a perfect standing wave is always zero.

Try this before viewing the solution

Hints

Hint 1: compare both component waves
State both their relative phase and their displacement magnitudes at the node.
View solution step by step
  1. Use equal amplitudes

    Method

    The two opposite-travelling waves contribute equal-magnitude displacements at the node.

    Reason

    A perfect standing wave is formed from component waves of equal amplitude.

    Working

    |y₁| = |y₂|
  2. Use opposite phase

    Method

    The two displacements have opposite signs at every instant.

    Reason

    The component waves remain antiphase at the node.

    Working

    y₂ = -y₁
  3. Apply superposition

    Method

    The resultant displacement is always zero.

    Reason

    Equal and opposite instantaneous displacements cancel point-by-point.

    Working

    y = y₁ + y₂ = 0

Common misconception 3

Node spacing and wavelength

Find and correct the mistake

Learner claim

Adjacent nodes are 0.15 m apart. A learner identifies this spacing as one wavelength. Diagnose the claim and find λ.

Try this before viewing the solution

Unit: m

View solution step by step
  1. Identify the spatial relation

    Method

    Adjacent nodes are separated by λ/2.

    Reason

    Neighbouring nodes bound one standing-wave loop; two loops make one full wavelength.

    Working

    d_(node-node) = λ/2
  2. Calculate wavelength

    Method

    The wavelength is 0.30 m.

    Reason

    Double the adjacent-node spacing.

    Working

    λ = 2(0.15) = 0.30 m

Examiner practice 4

Phase difference in a standing wave

4 marks

Examination question

State and explain the phase difference between (i) two points in one segment between adjacent nodes and (ii) two points in neighbouring segments. [4 marks]

Try this before viewing the solution

View solution step by step
  1. Compare within one segment

    1 mark

    Method

    Points between the same adjacent nodes are in phase: Δφ = 0 modulo 2π.

    Reason

    They pass equilibrium and reach extrema in the same direction together, though with different amplitudes.

    Working

    Δφ = 2π n
  2. State the shared motion

    1 mark

    Method

    All non-node points in that segment have the same time dependence.

    Reason

    The standing-wave spatial factor changes amplitude, not phase sign within the segment.

    Working

    same segment → same oscillation sign
  3. Compare neighbouring segments

    1 mark

    Method

    Points in adjacent segments are in antiphase: Δφ = π modulo 2π.

    Reason

    A node separates regions whose displacements have opposite signs at each instant.

    Working

    Δφ = (2n + 1)π
  4. State the motion contrast

    1 mark

    Method

    When one neighbouring segment moves in the positive direction, the other moves in the negative direction.

    Reason

    This opposite motion expresses their half-cycle phase difference.

    Working

    neighbouring segments → opposite signs

Challenge 5

Standing vs progressive wave (exam comparison)

Minimal support

Independent transfer

Compare a standing wave with an ideal progressive wave using two distinct observable differences.

Try this before viewing the solution

Hints

Hint 1: compare the same feature in both columns
Use energy transfer for one row and spatial pattern/amplitude for another.
View solution step by step
  1. Compare energy transfer

    Method

    A progressive wave transfers energy along the medium; a standing wave has no net energy transfer along it.

    Reason

    The progressive disturbance travels, whereas opposite energy flows in the standing pattern average to zero.

    Working

    progressive: net flow; standing: zero net flow
  2. Compare spatial pattern

    Method

    Standing-wave nodes and antinodes are fixed and amplitude depends on position; a progressive pattern moves.

    Reason

    Interference fixes the standing-wave spatial envelope, while phase propagates in a progressive wave.

    Working

    standing: fixed nodes; progressive: travelling phase

7. Mind Stretchers

Mind stretcher 1: What if the amplitudes are not equal?Extension

Two opposite-travelling waves have the same frequency but different amplitudes. Can you get nodes with zero displacement everywhere?

Show Answer

No.

The resultant is no longer a perfect standing wave. Cancellation is incomplete, so “nodes” are not points of zero displacement at all times.

Mind stretcher 2: Why is there “no net energy transfer”?Extension

Standing waves clearly involve moving particles. Explain why we still say there is no net energy transfer along the medium.

Show Answer

Energy oscillates locally: neighbouring sections exchange energy back and forth as the pattern oscillates.

But there is no overall progression of the wave pattern carrying energy from one end to the other (unlike a travelling wave), so the average energy flow along the medium is zero.

Mind stretcher 3: Optional (Enrichment)Extension

A. Video demonstration (optional)

Mind stretcher 4: Simulation Bridge: Standing Wave ExplorerExtension

Concept Explorer: Standing Wave Explorer

Toggle string and air-column boundary conditions, change harmonic mode, and test wavelength-frequency relations.

BetaA LevelWavesBest for: A Level waves and superposition
  • Boundary Conditions
  • Harmonics
  • Resonance Spacing
  • f–λ–v Links

Open the full interactive simulation on its own page

Use the standalone simulation page for the live controls, SVG scene, run modes, and scoring flow.

The lesson stays lightweight and links out to the dedicated simulation page.

Investigate nodes and antinodes in the Standing Wave Explorer.

Continue with the next resource in this course.

Course and syllabus information
Course
GCE A-Level H2 Physics
Edition
GCE A-Level H2 Physics 2027