This post serves to provide you with the basics for the learning of Mechanics. The content on this page should be familiar to you.
Quantities & Units
Experiments require measurements of physical quantities. Every measurement give a number whose value depends on the units that goes with it.
There is a need to agree on certain important basic physical quantities and standard units. However, it is unavoidable that there are other units than the SI units.
If you are part of a policy making group in the non-SI countries, please push for the use of SI units in your local scientific establishment.
Standard units evolve over time from physical items to atomic and invariant standards, such as the frequencies of certain atomic transitions, speed of light.
Seven Base Quantities & Units
Quantity | Unit | Definition |
---|---|---|
Length | m | Distance light traveled in vacuum for $\frac{1}{299792458}$ seconds |
Mass | kg | Mass of a specific platinum-iridium alloy |
Time | s | 9192631770 cycles of radiation of cesium-133 |
Current | A | That flows in 2 parallel wires resulting in force of $2 \times 10^{-7} \, \text{N m}^{-1}$ on the wires |
Temperature | K | $\frac{1}{273.15}$ of thermodynamic temperature of triple point of water |
Amount of substance | mol | That contains equal number of fundamental entities as 0.012 kg of carbon-12 |
Luminous intensity | cd | Of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency $540 \times 10^{12}$ Hz and that has a radiant intensity of $\frac{1}{683}$ watt/steradian |
Unit Prefixes
Physics deal with quantities that have values that spans over many orders of magnitudes.
Some of the Greek prefixes and their symbols to indicate decimal sub-multiples and multiples of the SI units are:
Number | Prefix | Number | Prefix |
---|---|---|---|
$10^{-9}$ | nano (n) | $10^{-1}$ | deci (d) |
$10^{-6}$ | micro ($\mu$) | $10^{3}$ | Kilo (K) |
$10^{-3}$ | milli (m) | $10^{6}$ | Mega (M) |
$10^{-2}$ | centi (c) | $10^{9}$ | Giga (G) |
Scientific Notation
Scientific notation bypasses the use of prefixes. For instance, 734 mm can be written as $7.32 \times 10^{-1}$ m.
Uncertainty In Measurements
Uncertainty in measurement depends on:
- the quality of the apparatus;
- skill of the experimenter (or robustness of the methodology employed);
- number of measurements performed.
There is a constant NEED for an accurate and precise measurement.
Systematic and random errors:
- Systematic: Repeatable measurements but could differ from instruments to instruments, or with different methods. Averaging with the same instrument do not help.
- Random: Deviations due to conditions that do not remain the same. Averaging helps.